{
  "id": "1999-november-campus-crime",
  "slug": "1999-november-campus-crime",
  "url": "https://dwillis.github.io/uplink/article/1999-november-campus-crime.html",
  "year": 1999,
  "month": "November",
  "monthNum": 11,
  "headline": "Campus crime",
  "kicker": "KIDS AND VIOLENCE",
  "author_name": "John Kelly",
  "author_title": "",
  "affiliation": "AP (Associated Press)",
  "summary": "Journalists investigated school expulsion data by combining official statistics with on-the-ground reporting, uncovering significant discrepancies between state and federal gun-related expulsion figures in Indiana. The analysis revealed data collection inconsistencies and led to a national story about under-reporting errors in the federal report.",
  "keywords": [
    "expulsion",
    "data",
    "reporting"
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Investigative Methods",
    "Education",
    "Data & Databases"
  ],
  "technologies": [
    "Access"
  ],
  "full_text": "ing guns to school or breaking other rules. There is no way to know how often offenses actually occurred on campus. Some schools may crack down on certain offenses while others turn a blind eye.\n\nSecond, like most crime data, you are going to find inconsistencies when you ask hundreds of school officials to lump incidents into broad categories based on vague definitions.\n\nIn Indiana, for example, one school confiscated what looked like a grenade from a student and promptly expelled him, state officials said. The grenade turned out to be a cigarette lighter, but the school reported the expulsion to the state under the category of \"other firearms.\"\n\nBeyond data\n\nWe overcame those weaknesses with reporting. We talked to state and local educators, students and others. We also carefully studied the paper reports that schools filed and the instructions they were given in filling out those forms.\n\nAll offered insight that helped us explain what conclusions people could and could not draw from the figures. Interviews with school principals gave us added opportunities to check our data against the paper reports they had filed with the state. We checked many schools' figures against individual reports provided by the state.\n\nAlong with our stories, we filed charts listing the expulsions and suspensions at every public school in Indiana for various offenses. That allowed local newspapers and broadcasters to do their own stories.\n\nWe filed the package within days of the federal report's release and just as Hoosier children were headed back to school.\n\nUnder-reporting\n\nAlong the way, we uncovered a problem with the national report: it was at least partly wrong. Indiana had reported 62 gun-related expulsions to the feds. But our database included 129 gun-related expulsions.\n\nWe rechecked our database work, and I called the state Department of Education official in charge of collecting and reporting this data and asked why the totals were different. He called back to say the state totals were right and the ones in the federal report were wrong.\n\nWe continued working on our stories, while the state education staff met to figure out what went wrong. The official called back to say the state had under-reported their figures and said, \"We just have to own up to this one.\"\n\nEducation officials in other states reported discrepancies in gun expulsion figures too, and the AP moved a national story highlighting the national report's errors.\n\nAs with most CAR stories, there was more traditional reporting involved here than number-crunching. The whole project took less than a week from the day I popped the floppy disk into my computer.\n\nWe got the data for free, but Indiana's education department is accustomed to forking over large databases to us for nothing. Once we had the database, the computer work was no more sophisticated than importing a text file into Microsoft Access and running a half dozen sum and count queries.\n\nReporters in other states, which collect and compile the same data from local schools, could easily replicate the reporting.\n\nJohn Kelly may be reached by e-mail at jkelly@ap.org",
  "provenance": {
    "extracted_by": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6",
    "extracted_at": "2026-07-05",
    "verified": true
  },
  "similar": [
    {
      "slug": "1999-november-behind-school-walls",
      "score": 0.39
    },
    {
      "slug": "1995-september-growing-collection-of-federal-databases",
      "score": 0.181
    },
    {
      "slug": "2004-june-campus-crime-data",
      "score": 0.18
    },
    {
      "slug": "1995-october-growing-collection-of-federal-databases",
      "score": 0.178
    },
    {
      "slug": "1995-march-when-crime-doesnt-add-up",
      "score": 0.176
    }
  ],
  "html_url": "https://dwillis.github.io/uplink/article/1999-november-campus-crime.html",
  "json_url": "https://dwillis.github.io/uplink/article/1999-november-campus-crime.json"
}